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The Complete Guide to Kickstart Blockchain Development
Cryptocurrencies, ICOs, magic internet moneyâââitâs all so exciting, and you are the eager developer, want to get in on the madness.
Now the Question is âŠ.Where do I start? đ°
Iâm glad youâre excited about this area. I am too.
But youâll probably find itâs unclear where to begin. The Blockchain is moving at breakneck speed, but thereâs no clear on ramp to learning this stuffâŠ.
This guide will proceed in 9Â parts:
- Why should you learn blockchain development?
- Prerequisites & foundations of Bitcoin
- Building a blockchain yourself
- Ethereum and smart contract programming
- Smart contract security
- Taking off the training wheels
- Building your own projects
- Navigating the blockchain community
- Getting a job & the Learning Loop Starts Again
Why should you learn blockchain development?
Before I answer that question, let me first note: blockchain is a massively overvalued space right now. These prices are unsustainable, and a crash is definitely coming.
This has all happened before, and will probably happen again. But if you work long-term in this space, youâll learn to shrug off prices.
In the words of Emin Gun Sirerâââprices are the least interesting part of cryptocurrencies. These are massively important technologies, and they are going to irrevocably change the world.
If youâre unsure, I canât tell you whether or not you should jump in. But I can tell you five reasons that convinced me to take the leap:
- Itâs still the starting...
Bitcoin was created 9 years ago, but the rate of innovation has only reached a fever pitch in the last couple of years, especially with the launch of Ethereum in 2015. Most of the new companies and ideas in this space have been built on top of Ethereum, which is still very immature.
Even if you start now, you can really become a world-class expert within a few years. Most people just havenât been doing this that long, and it wonât be that hard to catch up. Starting now would be analogous to deep learning experts who began studying the topic in the late 2000s.
2. This space doesnât have a strong talent funnel yetâŠ
Most of the best and brightest students at universities are focusing on machine learning, web programming, or game development. Sure, blockchains are getting more traction in the public discourse, but theyâre still a weird and subversive topic on which to stake your career.
Early on, blockchain was exclusively the realm of cypher-punks. Thatâs only recently begun to change. Just by being a curious and open-minded developer, youâll bring a lot of value to space.
3. Much of the work is happening outside of academiaâŠ
Satoshi Nakamoto was not an academic as far as we know. Thereâs no university or institution that offers a coherent blockchain concentration yet. Most of the innovation here has been led by aficionados, entrepreneurs, and independent researchers. Almost everything you need to know is in white papers, blog posts, and open-source software. All it takes is rolling up your sleeves and jumping into the fray.
4. The demand for talent far exceeds supplyâŠ
There just arenât enough developers in this space, and they canât get trained fast enough. Everyone is competing to hire blockchain talent, and projects are feeling the talent crunch. Many of the best companies canât pay their people enough to stay because they have too many opportunities. If you get some skills under your belt, itâll be easy to land a job.
5. Cryptocurrencies are just really really cool and WildâŠ.
Where else can you build cool stuff like cryptographically secured, decentralized money? Itâs the wild west right nowâââand this brings good and bad both. Space could use more transparency, and regulation will eventually come.
But without a doubt, cryptocurrencies are one of the most innovative areas you can be working in right now.
So build something no one else knows how to build. Right now, blockchains are brand new and thereâs so much left to figure out. If you succeed in building the future of decentralized technology, the world will reward you handsomely.
So say you want to throw in your hat. What do you need to know before you get into the ring and Play the game?
Prerequisites
Iâd recommend strengthening up your understanding of fundamentals before you dive further. Blockchains are built on decades of research in computer science, cryptography, and economics. Satoshi Nakamoto was a renegade, but he also knew well the history that preceded him. In order to understand why blockchains work, you need to understand their building blocksâââwhat came before blockchains, and why those things didnât work.
Here are some good prerequisites to be familiar with, in order of importance.
Note, these links are just a starting point, youâll probably want to dive deeper into many of these topicsâŠ.
Economics
Cryptocurrencies are inherently multidisciplinaryâââthis is part of what makes them so fascinating and radical. Besides computer science, cryptography, and networking, they are also deeply interwoven with economics. Cryptocurrencies can derive many security properties through their economic structures, which is often termed cryptoeconomics. As such, economics is essential to understanding cryptocurrencies.
Game theory
The most important branch of economics that plays into cryptocurrencies is the game theory, the study of payoffs and incentives among multiple agents. You donât need to go extremely deep here, but you do need to understand the basic tools of game theoretic analysis and how you can use them to analyze incentives in one-shot and iterated games.
Two key concepts in your repertoire should be Nash equilibria and Schelling points, as they feature prominently in cryptoeconomic analysis.
Macroeconomics
Cryptocurrencies are not just protocols, they are also forms of money. As such, they respond to the laws of macroeconomics (if they can be called laws). Cryptocurrencies are subject to different monetary policies and respond predictably to inflation and deflation. You should understand these processes and the effects they have on spending, saving, etc.
Another valuable economic concept is the velocity of money, especially as it corresponds to valuing a currency.
Microeconomics
Cryptocurrencies are also deeply interwoven with markets, which requires an understanding of microeconomics. Youâll need a strong intuition for supply and demand curves. You should be able to reason about competition and opportunity costs (theyâll apply frequently to cryptocurrency mining). For many coin distributions and cryptoeconomic systems, auction theory features prominently.
I expect youâll be familiar with some of these topics already. If you are, feel free to skim or skip over them entirely.
Okay, by now youâve gone through and shored up your fundamentals (or maybe you skipped a bunch, whoâs counting?), so now that youâve got your theory in check, letâs get started on blockchain development.
Computer science
Cryptography
Cryptography is the namesake and bedrock of cryptocurrencies. All cryptocurrencies use public/private key cryptography as the basis for identity and authentication. Iâd recommend studying RSA (itâs easy to learn, and doesnât require a very strong math background), then look at ECDSA. Elliptic curve cryptography requires significantly more abstract mathâââitâs not important to understand all the details, but know that this is the cryptography thatâs used in most cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin.
The other important cryptographic primitive is the cryptographic hash function.
These can be used to construct commitment schemes, and are the building block for Merkle trees. Merkle trees enable Merkle proofs, one of the key optimizations that blockchains use for scalability.
Data structures
Youâll want to be familiar with the characteristics and complexity guarantees of the major data structures: linked lists, binary search trees, hash maps, and graphs (specifically, directed acyclic graphs which feature prominently in blockchains). It helps to have built them from scratch to better understand how they work and their propertiesâŠ.
Distributed systems
Itâs a sprawling and difficult area of study. Distributed systems are absolutely essential to reasoning about blockchains, so you must build a foundation here before tackling blockchain programming.
Once youâre no longer living on a single machine, you have to start reasoning about consistency and consensus. Youâll want to know the difference between linearizable and eventual consistency models. Youâll also want to learn the guarantees of fault-tolerant consensus algorithms, such as Paxos and RAFT. Know the difficulties of reasoning about time in a distributed system. Appreciate the tradeoffs between safety and liveness.
With that background, youâll be able to understand the difficulties around Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus, the primary security requirement of public blockchains. Youâll want to learn about PBFT, one of the first scalable algorithms to deliver Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus. PBFT is the basis for many non-proof-of-work blockchain consensus algorithms. Once again, you donât need to understand the details of how and why PBFT is correct, but get a general idea and its security guarantees.
Itâs also very useful to understand the traditional methods of distributing databases (at its core, blockchains are databases after all). Learn about sharding (such as via consistent hashing), leader-follower replication, and quorum-based commits. Look into distributed hash tables (DHTs)âŠ
Networking
The decentralization of blockchains derives in large part from their peer-to-peer network topology. As such, blockchains are direct descendants of the past P2P networks.
To understand the blockchain communication model, you need to understand the basics of computer networking: this means understanding TCP vs UDP, the packet model, what IP packets look like, and roughly how Internet routing works.
Public blockchains tend to spread messages via gossip protocols using flooding. Itâs instructive to learn the history of P2P network design, from Napster to Gnutella, BitTorrent, and Tor. Blockchains have their own place, but they draw upon the lessons of these networks and how they were designed.
The Theoretical Foundations of Bitcoin
In October of 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto published a white paper in which he described a protocol for a decentralized digital currency. He called this protocol Bitcoin.
Before you can understand the big ideas behind blockchains, you have to start with Bitcoin and grasp Satoshiâs original insight.
First, I recommend building your intuitions about proof-of-work and the fork choice rule (also known as Nakamoto consensus). Start here:
I recommend watching more than one video explanation to get the idea seared into your head:
Great. Now that youâve built up your intuition, this article will provide a deeper end-to-end exposition of the critical components of how Bitcoin works.
Building a blockchain yourself
Now that you have the high-level intuition, itâs time to build your own proof-of-work based blockchain. Donât worry, itâs easier than it sounds. Here are some good resources.
There are also other blockchain implementations you can find, written in various programming languages. Go on and build your own, and satisfy yourself that itâs mostly functional.
Once youâve made it this far, you should have a good grasp of how to implement a simple payments application atop a blockchain (i.e., Bitcoin). You should also by now have enough background that you should be able to read and understand the original Bitcoin whitepaper.
To understand the economics and mechanics of Bitcoin mining, I recommend watching the lecture on Bitcoin mining in the Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies Princeton course.
If youâve gotten this far, you should understand Bitcoin well enough to walk through a Bitcoin block header and understand what each of its components means. You should also be able to play around with a Bitcoin block explorer and navigate raw Bitcoin transactions.
Now is a good time to study up on the history of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. The below video, offered by a UC Berkeley Decal, gives a good overview.
Some more extra credit resources:
- Academic precursors to Bitcoin
- Mechanics of Bitcoin: UTXOs and Bitcoin script (Bitcoin script is not super important, just know roughly what it can do)
- Short guide to Bitcoin forks
- Soft forks and miner signaling
- Double spends, 51% attacks, and selfish mining
- Replay attacks
- Bitcoin scalability problems, which is the source of most of the contentiousness in the Bitcoin ecosystem. You should have an idea of why Bitcoin folks argue so much about the block size.
- Segregated witness, a.k.a. SegWit, not essential but it comes up a lot.
- Lightning Network, one of the more important scaling solutions for Bitcoin, also generalizes to other blockchains
- Bitcoin full nodes, Bitcoin fee statistics, charts, charts and more charts
- Bitcoin energy consumption index (at the time of publication, Bitcoin mining consumes as much energy as all of Peru)
- Insightful essay by Gwern on the scrappy inelegance of Bitcoin
- Jameson Lopp has a wealth of other resources on Bitcoin if you want to go deeper down the rabbit hole.
Ethereum and smart contract programming
Now that youâve built a blockchain and understand the dynamics of Bitcoin, itâs time to delve into Ethereum.
You understand how blockchains and proof-of-work can achieve distributed, Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus within a peer-to-peer network. But a payments network is just one application you can run atop such a blockchain. In 2013, Vitalik Buterin, the creator of Ethereum asked: what if you used a blockchain to implement a decentralized computer?
In Ethereum, you pay miners to execute your programs on this distributed virtual machine. This means you can perform arbitrary computations, using a Turing-complete programming language (unlike Bitcoin script). Obviously, that includes payments-related applications, so Ethereum enables a superset of Bitcoinâs functionality and has birthed a renaissance of innovation.
This brings us to smart contractsâââthe name for programs that run on such a virtual machine. A smart contract can interact directly with the blockchainâs cryptocurrency in accordance with the execution of a program. In other words, you can create financial contracts that automatically enforce themselves. Itâs a wild idea, and all sorts of sci-fi futuristic stuff you can do once you embrace this programming model.
Ethereum has enabled the wave of ICOs and developers building atop the blockchain. It is the second largest cryptocurrency behind Bitcoin, it has more than 10x the developers of the next most popular platform, it has the strongest developer team, the most mature tooling, and the majority of ICOs and projects atop it. It also has the most industry support, which goes a long way. In all likelihood, if youâre doing blockchain development, youâll be writing code for Ethereum smart contracts. (Even if youâre not, itâs essential to understanding whatâs going on in this space.)
First, a more detailed high-level explanation of Ethereum:
The ideas behind Ethereum have also spawned a wave of innovation in cryptoeconomics. You should dip your toes into the ideas around DAOs, and all of the sci-fi fever dreams that they hint at.
Okay, thatâs enough fantasy, letâs dig into the tech.
Hereâs a good overview of the Ethereum yellow paper and its internals, by Preethi Kasireddy. Ethereum uses an account model rather than Bitcoinâs UTXO modelâââyouâll soon see why this makes it easier to write smart contracts.
As with any technology, the best way to get acquainted with Ethereum is by building a few small projects.
The dominant programming language for Ethereum is Solidity, which is a statically typed JavaScript-esque language. Itâs a language with a lot of warts and many questionable design choices. More robust languages like Viper may replace it once theyâre production-ready, but for now, Solidity is the lingua franca of smart contract programming. Itâs basically Ethereumâs JavaScript, so youâll need to learn it (and its pitfalls).
To get your first exposure to Solidity development, I recommend working through all of the CryptoZombies tutorials. Itâs a delightful and high-quality Codecademy-esque tutorial that will teach you the basics of Solidity programming.
Now that youâve whetted your appetite, itâs time to develop on your own.
The âhello worldâ of Ethereum is building an ERC-20 compliant token. I recommend this guide as a first tutorial to walk you through the process.
A Remix is an in-browser Solidity editor and compilerâââitâs basically the training wheels of Ethereum development, so I recommend working through the rest of your practice in Remix. But itâs also worth setting up a local blockchain and getting a sense of the Ethereum tooling. This tutorial does a good job of walking you through an end-to-end blockchain stack and explaining the pieces as they go along.
Next, Iâd recommend building a voting system. Iâd call this the Todo App of Ethereum. Karl Floersch has a great tutorial where he walks through how to build a secure commit-reveal voting system.
Great, now for your mid-term exam: build a secure coin toss game, where two players can securely bet on the coin flip. No tutorial this time, do it on your own. Think about possible attacksâââhow can the players cheat? Can you ensure that they play honestly? Here are some hints.
Smart contract security
Security is absolutely essential to blockchain development. Smart contracts have been plagued by disastrous hacks, including the DAO hack, the Parity Wallet hack, and the affectionately named Parity Wallet hack 2 (now with its own T-shirt). You absolutely must read analyses of all three of these hacks if youâre going to be writing production smart contracts.
The truth is, smart contracts are extremely hard to get right. Though the programming toolchain will improve to make these exact attacks harder, they were ultimately all due to programmer error. There are also many subtler bugs that arise from smart contract programming, such as in frontrunning or secure generation of randomness.
As a smart contract developer, you must treat security as paramount. Thereâs no âmove fast and break thingsâ in smart contract programming. That means any code that handles significant flows of money should be run through static analyzers like Oyente or Securify, tested thoroughly, and then audited by an experienced smart contract auditor. You should also try to rely on pre-audited components, such as OpenZeppelinâs open source contracts.
To strengthen your security chops, I recommend working through The Ethernaut by OpenZeppelin, a game where you find and attack vulnerabilities in smart contracts. Many of them have you replicate real attacks against smart contracts that have occurred in the wild.
Phil Daian also has an excellent set of smart contract hacking challenges called Hack This Contract.
Once you make it past that, I strongly recommend reading the entirety of Smart Contract Best Practices, compiled by ConsenSys. Expect to revisit this document many times over in your smart contract programming career. The bibliography is also worth exploring for further reading by security experts.
Taking off the training wheels
If youâve made it this far, you should now be ready to move past Remix and start using a serious Solidity development stack.
Most developers recommend VSCode or Atom for your text editor since they have decent Solidity plugins. For interacting with a local blockchain, youâll want to use Ganache (formerly TestRPC), and youâll want to use the Truffle framework for your (JS-based) tests and configuring your build pipeline.
Now is a good time to look into IPFS, which you can use as a fully decentralized filestore at much cheaper cost than the Ethereum blockchain. Hereâs a brief explainer by the creator, Juan Benet:
For interacting with Ethereum and IPFS full nodes, Infura is what most devs recommend. Etherscan and ETH Gas Station provide useful real-time stats on the Ethereum network.
Once you have your full Web3 stack set up, try deploying an end-to-end Dapp (decentralized application). This tutorial provides a nice full-stack overview using Node and Postgres for the backend, and this tutorial will show you how to create a fully decentralized application, using IPFS as your persistence layer.
Building your own projects
You should now be comfortable with most of the techâââwhatâs left is to start building stuff and going deeper into the blockchain community.
First, start building your own projects. If thereâs some great idea that youâre excited about, go build it, and convince others to hack on it with you! If you donât have an idea yet or arenât comfortable getting your hands dirty, there are many high-quality open source projects that welcome contributions. OpenZeppelin might be a good place to start for smart contracts.
Better yet, Iâd recommend starting by finding an actively developed project that youâre a fan of. Get on their Slack or Rocketchatâââthe devs are usually readily accessible. Tell them youâd like to contribute and ask for some small tasks (or find unresolved issues on their Github).
Note that while Iâve been focusing on protocols and smart contract development, blockchain companies need web developers to build their core functionality. These roles will often require interacting with blockchains, so itâs essential to have a good mental model of how blockchains workâââbut for many engineers at blockchain startups, most of your work will be in building a Python web-server, or designing a React frontend, and interacting with the blockchain may be a small part of that job. You donât have to specialize in smart contract developmentâââin reality, thatâs only one part of a working blockchain stack.
Beyond open source contributions, there are also many blockchain hackathons constantly popping up. Most projects have a free public Slack you can join, and thereâs a very active Gitter channel for Ethereum itself where lots of devs hang out. As you go deeper into space, youâll eventually find your peer group, whether it be in a Slack channel, Telegram group, or Gitter channel. Wherever it is, find your people and continue learning.
Navigating the blockchain community
The best way to really understand the blockchain world is to immerse yourself in it. Read and listen to the smartest people, especially stuff theyâve written in the past. This has always been my strategy when trying to learn a new domain, and itâs paid dividends for me.
Thereâs lots of good blockchain content out there, but thereâs also a lot of crap. Hereâs the information diet I recommend.
Media
The three fantastic podcasts I recommend are the Software Engineering Daily Blockchain interviews, which provide good technical intros to many topics and cryptocurrencies. From there I recommend Epicenter and Unchainedâââyouâll want to go back and listen to many of the older episodes. Another interesting up-and-coming technical podcast is Conspiratus. Iâd recommend subscribing to each of these.
There are a few good Youtube channels (though thereâs tons of trash on Youtube). Subscribe to the Ethereum Foundation and watch Devcon3 presentations. Blockchain at Berkeley records many of their lectures, most of which are excellent technical overviews. Decypher Media also posts talks, whitepaper reviews, and tutorials. Jackson Palmer has engaging weekly overviews, these are on the less technical side but very evenly presented.
Online reading
For real-time blockchain chatter, it lives mostly in two places: Reddit, and Twitter. For Reddit, most subreddits are very low quality and dominated by noise. r/Ethereum is consistently decent quality (and there are a few okay subreddits for specific cryptocurrencies). Most subreddits though are primarily dominated by speculators and are not a good use of your attention. Stay away from Bitcoin-related subreddits. Bitcoin notoriously has one of the most toxic communities, and Reddit only magnifies that.
Twitter is more of a mixed bag. For better or for worse, most blockchain people live on Twitter. Blockchain Twitter was somewhat of a mystery to me at first, but eventually, I developed an informal ontology of Twitter blockchain people. From my experience, there are five types of blockchain personalities: the builders, the entrepreneurs, the journalists, the traders, and the âthought leaders.â
Avoid âthought leadersâ like the plague. Entrepreneurs can be okay, though they mostly act as hype men or tweet about their own projects. Investors mostly tweet about prices and hype-y projects, so if thatâs your thing, thatâs your thing. Journalists tend to tweet about major news items of the dayâââI recommend staying away unless you need real-time analysis, which you probably donât. If youâre an active trader it might be important, but if youâre trying to build on the blockchain, most real-time stuff is a distraction.
Pay the most attention to the builders. Theyâre the people who matter most right now, and who are pushing the technology forward.
A few representatives from each category (do a breadth-first search of who these people follow if you want to fill out your Twitter feed):
Builders
- Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum
- Zooko Wilcox, ZCash
- Nick Szabo, inventor of smart contracts
- Vlad Zamfir, Ethereum
- Marco Santori, Cooley LLP
- Riccardo âfluffyponyâ Spagni, Monero
- Matt Liston, Gnosis
Journalists
- Tuur Demeester, Adamant Research
- Laura Shin, Forbes
I recommend subscribing to Inside Bitcoin for daily digests of the most important crypto news pieces (it covers more than just Bitcoin). For token projects, Token Economy has excellent weekly writeups, and Week in Ethereum has good digests of developer-focused happenings in the Ethereum ecosystem.
Beyond this, you probably donât need to be monitoring for real-time news. Focus on building stuff and learning.
Youâll want to follow the best blogs. Long-form content tends to be the best bang for the buck. I recommend following these:
- Vitalik Buterin for excellent blockchain and crypto economic analysis (read all of his older blog posts as well, Vitalik is widely regarded as a once-in-a-generation thinker)
- Hacking, Distributed for blockchain security analyses by Cornell researchers
- Unenumerated, Nick Szaboâs luminary blog with challenging and eclectic essays about the role of cryptocurrencies in society
- Money Stuff, Matt Levineâs Bloomberg syndication, with cutting and insightful analysis that touches on the intersection of markets, finance, and blockchain news
- Vlad Zamfir for tempered and cautious perspectives on the state and public blockchains
- Chris Burniske for a string of excellent blog posts on how to value crypto assets
- Jameson Lopp for his great technical posts from the perspective of a software engineer building for the blockchain ecosystem
- Great Wall of Numbers by Tim Swanson, for his sober and unflinching deconstruction of blockchain mania, especially in the enterprise space
(You should also read my blog, though again, I donât quite belong on this list.)
Books and courses
If you want a more structured approach to learning this material, there are a few high-quality books and courses out there (and a lot of low-quality ones).
The best overall textbook for blockchains is Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies (which accompanies the Princeton Coursera course). The only other books Iâd recommend in this space are Mastering Bitcoin by Andreas Antonopoulos, and his upcoming Mastering Ethereum, co-authored by Ethereum cofounder Gavin Wood (both published by OâReilly). The one nontechnical book Iâd recommend is Digital Gold by Nathaniel Popper. Pretty much everything else worth reading will be in blogs, not booksâââthis space is moving so fast that the most important figures seldom have the time to write books, and books are often outdated by the time theyâre released.
If you want a more structured approach to learning this material, there are a few high-quality courses out there (and a lot of low-quality ones). Iâve already linked to a couple lectures from the Princeton Coursera Course (the videos are on Youtube as well), and the UC Berkeley Decal. Iâve also heard good things about Consensys Academy for folks who want to get into smart contract development.
Getting a job
As I said before, blockchain startups are hiring like crazy. If youâve actually gotten this far and have done even half the things I suggested, you are probably already employable in this space. Angel List did a great writeup on how to get a job in the crypto space.
There are several good aggregators for blockchain-related job postings:
- AngelList crypto startups
- BlockchainJobz
- Ethereum Jobs
- Be in Crypto
- Google jobs (blockchain search query)
- ConsenSys jobs (Ethereum venture studio with many projects under their umbrella)
There are also a number of larger companies in the market for crypto devs:
- Coinbase, the Google of crypto, is always hiring like crazy
- Stellar and Ripple if you want to work directly on more enterprise-friendly cryptocurrencies
- Square has integrated some blockchain, though not sure if theyâre hiring externally
- IBM, Visa, or JP Morgan if you want to kick it old school
But to my mind, the best way to get involved in a company is to find a project youâre excited about and reach out to them directly. Most blockchain teams are willing to hire remote for the right talent. Many devs are readily accessible on Twitter, Github, or on their public Slack channels. If you have a solid portfolio and can demonstrate technical chops, most people will be impressed if you show some initiative.
And thatâs as far as Iâve got for you. If youâve done all of the above, you should be set, and youâll probably be even farther along than me before long.
At the EndâŠ.
What Iâve shown you is just the beginning. Cryptocurrencies are still in their infancy, and I really believe this is the most rapidly evolving space you can be working in. Iâm sure this guide will be out of date within a year, and there are so many amazing projects I havenât had the opportunity to talk about. But if you get into this space, youâll find them in due time.
Keep exploring. Keep getting better. Keep learningâŠ.Keep Going
Best of Luck đ
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The views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not reflect the views of Bitcoin Insider. Every investment and trading move involves risk - this is especially true for cryptocurrencies given their volatility. We strongly advise our readers to conduct their own research when making a decision.